is capable of handling various Usage Detail Record (UDR) formats provided that their structure is known. Vendor UDR formats are often complex and hard to work with in agents that view or manipulate data. Therefore, the system converts the external UDR formats to an internal representation, and vice versa when UDRs are leaving the system.

In order to make this conversion, both internal and external format definitions have to be defined. When the definitions exist, there must be a mapping description that maps each external field of interest to an internal field.

Ultra does not require a one-to-one relationship between external and internal field names. Normally, only fields of interest or those that are needed when leaving the system are declared in the internal format definition. Often the internal definition holds additional fields that are initially empty and then populated on the way through a workflow. does not constrain how these fields are used.

Example - Format management

In this example, the external field E1C is not needed and is not mapped at all. Internally IFA and IFB are manipulated. IFE is given a value, probably depending on values defined in IFC and IFD during the UDRs way through the workflow. At the exit, the two original fields are mapped into E2A and E2B plus the new (IFE) into E2C.

introduces a language called Ultra Format Definition Language (UFDL) that is used when describing UDR formats and mappings.

Apart from describing external formats, internal formats, and mappings, the UFDL requires separate decoder and encoder specifications. A decoder or encoder refers to one or several mappings that are used for the actual translation.

Format Storage

In order to operate on UDRs, there must be a compiled version (Java class) of the internal format definition available in the Code or Ultra server. Such Java classes are introduced into the servers in two different ways:

Format definitions entered in the Ultra Format Editor are compiled and inserted in the Ultra server when saved.
Precompiled format definitions (for instance; Radius, NetFlow, and SNMP protocols) are inserted in the Code server during package commit.

A format can be recompiled while workflows using it are running. In this case, the changes to the format will take effect the next time the workflow is activated.

All Java classes generated by the Ultra server are kept in the system. This is to make UDRs, for instance stored in ECS and using the old format version, processable. For further information, see Ultra Format Converter.

Note!

Saving a format in the Ultra Format Editor may take some time, since the system may have to re-validate and regenerate many dependent configurations.

If an Ultra format is moved to another directory or is renamed, the configurations using the format become invalid.

Built-in Formats

There are four different built-in external formats that can be used between workflows; MZ Tagged, MZ Tagged (compressed), JSON, and CSV. These can be used by the Decoder and Encoder agents as well as by the real-time collection agents for Inter Workflow, TCP/IP, and GTP'.

MZ Tagged Formats

The MZ Tagged format is available in all supported agents, while the MZ Tagged (compressed) format is only available in the Encoder agent. Using the compressed format reduces the size of the UDRs significantly. However, since compression requires more CPU, you should consider the trade-off between I/O and CPU when choosing an encoder. No Decoder or Encoder needs to be defined in Ultra to handle these formats.

The MZ Tagged formats contain header data that is based on the time zone settings of the host on which it was generated. This is important to consider when you compare output from identical workflows that are running on hosts with different time zone settings. The binary data may differ due to the header content.

JSON Format

The JSON Format is available in the Decoder, Inter Workflow, TCP/IP, and GTP' agents. With this built-in format, you can also choose to use a DynamicJsonUDR where you can add the payload to the UDR. The format is validated according to the specified JSON schema.

CSV Format

The CSV Format is available in the Decoder, Inter Workflow, TCP/IP, and GTP' agents. The following predefined CSV formats are supported; Unix, Mac, Windows, and Excel, but you can also create your own custom format.

Decoding of a UDR

The Ultra engine is designed to decode only the necessary parts of a Usage Detail Record, UDR, to keep workflow performance as high as possible. By default (that is, provided that Full Decode is not selected), the decoder only decodes enough to calculate the size of the UDRs. The UDR content is decoded as the field values are accessed. Hence, if there is a decoding error, this may not be discovered by the decoder but by the agent accessing a specific field.

Note!

Full decoding of complicated nested UDR structures can be time-consuming. In most cases, the performance cost of this option is however small.

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