This section describes Apache Parquet agents to handle data encoded and compressed with Apache Parquet. The Parquet Decoder Agent converts rows from Parquet documents into UDRs to be routed into workflows. The Parquet Encoder Agent converts UDRs into Parquet format to be delivered to output destinations. The Parquet agents are only available for batch workflow configurations.
Apache Parquet is a file-based data representation that is known for its efficient data representation. Parquet is built to support fast and effective compression and encoding schemes for simple columnar, complex nested, and raw binary data.
Columnar Data
Perhaps the most significant design feature of Parquet is its column-oriented storage of data, meaning that values for each column are stored together. Most common formats – like CSV and Avro – are row-oriented.
The figure below illustrates row-oriented versus column-oriented storage.
Illustration of differences between row- and column-oriented storage
Organizing data by columns has many performance advantages. When querying Parquet documents for particular columns, the desired data can be retrieved quickly with less I/O. Unlike row-oriented storage formats like CSV, only the desired columns need to be loaded into memory – resulting in a lower memory footprint and faster queries.
Flexible, Extensible Encoding
Parquet also allows compression on a per-column basis. Different encoding schemes can be used for different columns, allowing for, say, dictionary-based encodings to be used for columns with enumerated strings or bit packing for columns with small integer values.
Self-Describing Schemas
Apache Parquet is a file-oriented encoding, and the file includes metadata that specifies schemas for each column, location information of columns, encodings used, etc. Note that this structure implies that you must have access to the entire file before processing.
Example Parquet Schema
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Parquet Concepts
The schema in the previous section illustrates Apache Parquet concepts, but it helps to have a good grasp of primitives, nested groups, repetition levels, and logical types. Briefly:
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Primitives in Apache are the fundamental data types. They consist of integers (for example, int32, int64), floating point (for example, float, double), Boolean (boolean), and bytearray (binary). Nested groups in Apache are the way structured objects (consisting of primitives or lists of groups/primitives) are put together. In the example above, Repetition levels are modifiers that specify whether a column is optional, required, or repeated multiple times. Logical types are used to extend the sparse primitive types. For example, the bytearray data type can be used to specify strings and structured JSON as well as binary data. |
For further reading on Parquet, see these documents: Apache Parquet Documentation, Parquet Logical Types Definitions, and Maven Repository Apache Parquet.
Parquet in
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